Conversation with Nicodemus, 1-22

3:1 Now a certain man, a Pharisee named Nicodemus, who was a member of the Jewish ruling council, 3:2 came to Jesus at night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher who has come from God. For no one could perform the miraculous signs that you do unless God is with him.”

Now there was a man… – It is important to see the account of the meeting between Nicodemus and Jesus as a case in point, illustrating Jn 2:23-25: many saw the miracles and believed; but Jesus would not entrust himself to them; for he knew all men, and knew what was in a man.

Nicodemus – Not a common name.  Bauckham (The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple) argues that he was a member of the Gurion family, and part of of the Jewish ruling elite.

We cannot unequivocally equate Nicodemus with any character known to us from independent Jewish sources, but there are two men by that name who appear, respectively, in Josephus (Ant. 14.37) and the Babylonian Talmud (see esp. b. Gitt. 56a). The first was alive in 64 BC; the latter was a wealthy man in Jerusalem during the war with Rome (late 60s AD). Both were part of the Gurion family, in which only a handful of ‘first’ names reappear over the generations. Bauckham (1996) demonstrates how the portrait of Nicodemus in the Fourth Gospel corresponds to what we know of this family—part of the Jewish ruling elite, Pharisees, teachers of the Law and extremely rich—and suggests Nicodemus may have been the uncle of the Naqdimon ben Gurion of the rabbinic literature.

The Jewish ruling council – the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council, with 71 members (including Sadducees and Pharisees) and presided over by the high priest. The Sanhedrin had religious jurisdiction over every Jew throughout the world. It had the power to examine and deal with anyone suspected of being a false prophet.

He came to Jesus at night – the fear underlying this was perhaps not only fear of what others might say, (he is supposed to be Jesus’ enemy), but also fear of embarrassment (he is supposed to know all the answers). Few are prepared to admit they need help under such circumstances. Peer pressure still operates as a strong barrier preventing people from coming face to face with Christ. The nocturnal visit may also have been made in order to secure a private and uninterrupted audience. Are you prepared to make a special effort, and to set aside time, in order to sort out the most important thing in your life? In any case, it is a wonder that he came to Jesus at all, given the vast weight of prejudice and tradition he had to overcome in doing so.

As Matthew Henry comments, ‘when religion is out of fashion, there are many Nicodemites.’ We suppose he came at night, v2, out of fear. Yet Jesus welcomed him. We are thus taught to welcome timid or tentative approaches. And afterwards, he owned Christ publicly, Jn 7:50-51; 19:39. He talked about things concerning salvation.

The important thing is, he came to Jesus. Far better to come at night than not at all. He came in person, in order the meet Jesus face to face and to find out some answers for himself.

The probable scene has been described by Edersheim: the house where Jesus was staying may have belonged to John himself (or to Martha?). The guest-room was situated on the roof, and was reached by outside steps.

Perhaps the visit took place straight after Jesus had performed some notable miracles. Alternatively, Nicodemus may have been vacillating for some time before finally making his decision to visit Jesus. He may have worried lest the opportunity pass away. At any rate, his determination to find out for himself is notable. He had to overcome an enormous weight of tradition and prejudice in order to approach Jesus in this way, and it is no wonder that he shrouded his visit in secrecy. He was compromising himself terribly, for that first purging of the Temple had begun a bitter and deadly feud between Jesus and the Jewish authorities.

“Rabbi” – the usual way to address a distinguished teacher, even though Jesus was not an officially-acknowledged Rabbi. Jesus, be it noted, was an extraordinary teacher by any standards. He was equally at home teaching in the synagogue or in the open air. He could debate with religious scholars and talk with simple”] villagers. He could hold the attention of a vast crowd, and he could hold intimate conversation with his inner circle of disciples. He could speak gentle words of forgiveness to needy sinners and words of stern rebuke to religious hypocrites. He was at ease with a Samaritan woman he met at a well, a weeping prostitute who approached him in a Pharisee’s house, a Roman governor like Pilate, and a secret enquirer like Nicodemus. (See Anderson, The Teaching of Jesus, 10)

“We know you are a teacher who has come from God” – The Pharisees, generally, were intensely jealous of Jesus because he challenged their authority and attacked their attitude and behaviour. But Nicodemus was an exception, and he seems to have been one of a number among the ruling elite who ‘believed the Scripture and the words that Jesus had spoken’ (Jn 2:22; cf. Lk 5:17).  (Note that he speaks for others, as well as himself, here – “We know…”).  His approach is respectful, open and direct. He is not content to hear about Jesus, or to hear his public teaching, but seeks personal instruction. So it is in the church: don’t be satisfied with the relative anonymity of public worship, but seek more personal help from small groups and individual counsel. However intelligent or well-educated you may be, you need to come to Jesus with an open mind and heart so that you can learn from him. Nicodemus does not boast about himself, his learning, piety or influence. He acknowledges that Jesus cannot be other than a divinely-appointed teacher. The same evidence – nay, more – is available to people today, and the same conclusion ought to be arrived at. This is precisely the purpose of true miracles: to act as signs, or pointers, to the divine person and work of Christ.

This is phrased as a statement, but in fact, of course, it is more of a question: ‘Teacher, it is obvious that you are different and special; are you really the Messiah whom God has promised?’

3:3 Jesus replied, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born from above, he cannot see the kingdom of God.” 3:4 Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter his mother’s womb and be born a second time, can he?”

In a series of three answers to Nicodemus, Jesus asserts (a) the necessity, v3; (b) the possibility, vv5-8; and (c) the availability, vv10-15, of the new birth. (Ryken)

In reply – As always, Jesus does not deal so much with the stated question, but with the real need. He is impervious to flattery.  He does not peddle information for its own sake, but rather goes straight to the heart. He does not descend to his questioner’s standpoint, but lifts him up to his own.

The reaction of Jesus is remarkable. He is not over-elated by the prospect of making such an influential convert. There is no grovelling deference, no eager persuasiveness, and no easy compromise. Nor is there any reference to the miracles; for these were only ever intended to bring Nicodemus to this point, and to be signs of the spiritual truth Jesus is about to assert.

“I tell you the solemn truth” – ‘Amen, amen’.

“…see the kingdom of God” – As a well-taught Jew, Nicodemus expected the arrival of God’s kingdom at the close of history. Few in Jerusalem had more impressive credentials assuring his place in the coming kingdom: a circumcised Jew, devout and orthodox, a religious professional, a Pharisee and a member of the ruling council. Yet Jesus tells him that he needs to be born anew.

In John’s Gospel, ‘Kingdom of God occurs only here and in v5.  Thereafter, the terms ‘eternal life’ and ‘life’ are used.  Bauckham comments:

‘What usually goes unnoticed in this connection is that if we turn to Mark’s parallel to these two “Amen, amen” sayings, the only “kingdom of God” sayings in John (Mark 10:15), we also find that in the context, from Mark 9:42 to 10:31, there are several sayings that use the terms “kingdom of God” and “eternal life” or “life” in parallel and interchangeably (Mark 9:45, 47; 10:15, 17, 23, 24, 30)—in such phrases as “enter life” (9:43, 45), “enter the kingdom of God” (9:47; 10:15, 23, 24), and “inherit eternal life” (10:17, 30).[63] These Markan passages and their Synoptic parallels are almost the only occurrences of “eternal life” in Synoptic sayings (see also Matt. 25:46), but they authorize, as it were, John’s adoption of this preferred usage, in place of the Synoptic “kingdom of God.”’ (Testimony of the Beloved Disciple)

“Born again” – The Gk underlying ‘again’ can mean (a) from the beginning, completely, radically; (b) again, for a second time; (c) from above, i.e. from God. The idea of a second birth was quite common in Judaism, where a proselyte was described as ‘like a new-born child’. The Greeks were also used to the idea through the Mystery Religions, when an initiate would achieve after long preparation a state of mystic union with some god and would be described as ‘twice-born’. The doctrine of regeneration permeates the NT, 1 Pet 1:3,22,23; Jas 1:18; Tit 3:5; Rom 6:1-11; 1 Cor 3:1,2; 2 Cor 5:17; Gal 6:15; Eph 4:22-24; Heb 5:12-14 etc. Perhaps four features predominate: (a) spiritual re-birth; (b) entering the kingdom of God; (c) becoming a child of God; (d) receiving eternal life.

‘The Greek word translated “again” or “anew” can also be rendered “from above.” (cf. Jn 3:31; 19:11,23) In this case both senses contain truth, but the former translation is slightly better-suited to the context. Nicodemus’s response, “Surely one cannot go into the mother’s womb a second time and be born!” (Jn 3:4), suggests that he understood “again,” and this makes his baffled reaction more understandable. On the other hand, “from above” would give emphasis to the divine origin of this new birth-it is of God (cf. Jn 1:13) through the mysterious work of the Spirit (Jn 3:5-6, 8). To be born of God by the Spirit is not the natural state of men and women, implying that it must be a second birth (cf. Jn 3:6).’ (DJG)

‘Regeneration, or the new birth, is a subject to which the world is very averse; it is, however, the grand concern, in comparison with which everything else is but trifling. What does it signify though we have food to eat in plenty, and variety of raiment to put on, if we are not born again? if after a few mornings and evenings spent in unthinking mirth, carnal pleasure, and riot, we die in our sins, and lie down in sorrow? What does it signify though we are well able to act our parts in life, in every other respect, if at last we hear from the Supreme Judge, “Depart from me, I know you not, ye workers of iniquity?”‘ (M.Henry)

‘This was hardly the answer Nicodemus expected. He was there to examine Jesus, not to be examined by him. It is true that Nicodemus treated Jesus with respect. He recognised him as a teacher, praising him for his miracles and acknowledging that he was doing God’s work. He even called him Rabbi. But Nicodemus still wanted to retain the right to judge Jesus for himself, to evaluate his ministry by his own criteria. Jesus responded by turning the tables on Nicodemus. Rather than submitting himself to the judgement of a mere human being, he confronted the Pharisee with God’s requirements for salvation. The real question was not whether Jesus was the Saviour (obviously, he was), but whether Nicodemus was saved. This is a reminder that there is more to salvation than recognising Jesus as a good teacher and a miracle-worker. Jesus demands more than our respect: he demands our total spiritual transformation. No-one can see the kingdom of God unless he or she is born again.’ (Ryken)

‘It is a pity that ‘born-again’ has been debased in common speech; as a scornful description of an extreme sect or even referring to old ideas renewed or new versions of motor cars! It would be very unfortunate to allow ridicule to deprive us of a concept so vital and central to the Christian faith.’ (NBC)

This focus on the necessity of the new birth ‘stands as a warning to every religious person. It does not matter what family we come from, what church we attend, what doctrinal position we hold, how clever we are, or how much of the Bible we know, we must be born again.’ (Ryken)

Born again, or born from above?  ‘Was Jesus telling Nicodemus he had to be born again or born from above? Probably both. When Nicodemus spoke of a second birth, Jesus did not correct him because regeneration requires a new spiritual birth. Yet this new birth comes “from above” (this translation fits John’s usage elsewhere in his Gospel; see Jn 3:31; 19:11). Thus the ambiguity was probably deliberate. What Jesus said to Nicodemus had a double meaning: no-one can see the kingdom of God without being reborn from above.’ (Ryken)

Nicodemus’ response may be over-literal. The learned Pharisee is still in the infants’ class when it comes to spiritual insight. As Robertson slyly adds, ‘this is not an unheard of phenomenon.’ We need to ask ourselves if there is not some aspect of our belief which does not reflect similar naivety.

Carson, however, thinks that Nicodemus may not be so dim-witted as some have made him out to be.  When Jesus said that one must be ‘born again’ he probably understood him to mean that in order to enter the kingdom one must ‘start over’; begin life again.  Nicodemus knows that this is impossible: “How can a man be born when he is old?”  So Jesus expands on being ‘born again’ so that it becomes being ‘born of water and the Spirit’.  This expression does not (according to Carson) refer to two births – natural and spiritual (for that would be ‘unbearably trite’ – of course a person needs to have a natural birth!).  

This idea of a re-birth would seem to Nicodemus not only impossible, but unnecessary. As a Jew, he put great value on the dignity and privileges of his first birth. Cf Php 3:5. How could any second birth improve on such advantages? What could be better than to be born an Israelite? What other birth could better qualify a man for the kingdom of God?

3:5 Jesus answered, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. 3:6 What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit. 3:7 Do not be amazed that I said to you, ‘You must all be born from above.’ 3:8 The wind blows wherever it will, and you hear the sound it makes, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.”

“Born of water and spirit” – As Michaels (NICNT) remarks, it is difficult to decide whether ‘Spirit’ should be capitalised or not.  He thinks that it should be, based on the present of the definite article in verses 6 and 8.

‘Remember, that unless ye become children by a new birth, the Scripture plainly testifieth that ye shall never be able to recover your true Father, nor to enter his heavenly kingdom; for that is inaccessible to the stranger and the alien; and he alone who is enrolled and made free of that city, and hath regained his heavenly Father, shall there dwell in that Father’s house, receive his inheritance, and enjoy communion with his true and beloved Son. Such is the church of the first-begotten, written in the heavens, and rejoicing around the divine throne with myriads of angels. Does God freely offer so great salvation, and will you still blindly rush into destruction?’ (Clement of Alexandria)

“Flesh gives birth to flesh” – A person may have extraordinary natural endowments, but none of these can qualify for entrance to the kingdom of God, for they are of the flesh. He may set out on a life-long programme of arduous self-improvement, yet will never attain this goal. No, an endowment of a completely order is required: a spiritual re-birth. What Nicodemus needs, and what all of us need, is not a new start, but a new heart; not turning over a new leaf, but a new life.

Blocher (Original Sin, p30f) suggests that this and similar passages indicate (though with a restraint not always observed by biblical scholars) that original sin is inherited.  Certainly, a familial solidarity is to be noted in many OT passages (1 King 2:27; Hos 9:10; 10:9; 12:3ff; Amos 2:4,7; Isa 43:27; Jer 2:17; 11:6ff; Ezek 16:44ff.

The Spirit gives birth to spirit – ‘The grace which is in the hearts of the saints, is of the same nature with the divine holiness, as much as it is possible for that holiness to be, which is infinitely less in degree; as the brightness that is in a diamond which the sun shines upon, is of the same nature with the brightness of the sun, but only that it is as nothing to it in degree. Therefore Christ says, Jn 3:6, That which is born of the Spirit, is spirit; i.e., the grace that is begotten in the hearts of the saints, is something of the same nature with that Spirit, and so is properly called a spiritual nature; after the same manner as that which is born of the flesh is flesh, or that which is born of corrupt nature is corrupt nature.’ (Jonathan Edwards, A Treatise Concerning the Religious Affections)

“You should not be surprised…” – ‘For when we consider the holiness of God, the depravity of our nature, and the happiness set before us, we shall not think it strange that so much stress is laid upon this’ (M.Henry).

“You must be born again” – The new birth is not optional, but imperative.  ‘At a time when religion is again generally in vogue, with ancient world faiths experiencing some resurgence, and new brands such as the New Age appearing on the market, the idea that religion cannot save is as startling to our ears today as it was to the ears of religious Nicodemus.’ (Milne, p79)

‘The wind blows…so it is’ – ‘Wind’ (Gk ‘pneuma‘) can mean either wind or spirit (similarly in Hebrew, Latin, and Syriac). ‘Blows’ (Gk ‘pnei‘) is always used of the wind. ‘Sound’ (Gk ‘phone‘) can also mean ‘voice’. So, this phrase can be taken either way, as referring to the wind (which may at that moment have swept through the narrow Jerusalem streets) or to the Spirit. The ambiguity is probably intentional, although the concluding reference in this verse to ‘the Spirit’ is direct.

The Spirit’s work is sovereign and beyond our control or comprehension. ‘The Spirit sends his influences where, and when, on whom, and in what measure and degree, he pleases. Though the causes are hidden, the effects are plain’ (M. Henry).

The privilege of regeneration is ours ‘because the Holy Spirit willed it and here all rests upon the Holy Spirit’s decision and action. He begets or bears when and where he pleases. Is this not the burden of Jn 3:8? Jesus there compares the action of the Spirit to the action of the wind. The wind blows-this serves to illustrate the factuality, the certainty, the efficacy of the Spirit’s action. The wind blows where it wills-this enforces the sovereignty of the Spirit’s action. The wind is not at our beck and call; neither is the regenerative operation of the Spirit.’ (John Murray)

3:9 Nicodemus replied, “How can these things be?” 3:10 Jesus answered, “Are you the teacher of Israel and yet you don’t understand these things? 3:11 I tell you the solemn truth, we speak about what we know and testify about what we have seen, but you people do not accept our testimony. 3:12 If I have told you people about earthly things and you don’t believe, how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things? 3:13 No one has ascended into heaven except the one who descended from heaven—the Son of Man.

“How can this be?” – Nicodemus cannot understand, for ‘the things of the Spirit are foolishness to the natural man’. There is no way of dressing up the gospel, or of toning it down, which will ensure that people will either understand or accept it. Yet Jesus did not give up, but gently chided Nicodemus and continued to press his case.

“Israel’s teacher” – lit. “the teacher of Israel” – trained, qualified, well-known and authorised as such. This expression might even imply that Nicodemus was the leading theologian of his day.

“You do not understand these things?” – ‘His Pharisaic theology had made him almost proof against spiritual apprehension. It was outside his groove (rote, rut, rot, the three terrible r’s of mere traditionalism)’ (Robertson).

This verse reminds us that knowledge is not salvation. It is possible to know a great deal about the Bible and still to have missed out on its central message.

“We speak…we testify” – Of whom is Jesus speaking here? He could be referring to the prophets and John the Baptist.

The truths of the Christian faith are absolutely sure. The teachings of Christ are faithful and true. We may put our trust in them, though we stand alone in doing so. The truths of the faith are not based on conjecture, wishful thinking or hearsay evidence. When Jesus spoke of God, of the invisible world, of heaven and hell, and of eternal life, he knew what he was talking about; he spoke with divine authority.

“Earthly things” – such as the kingdom of God. “Heavenly things” – such as the purposes of God in redemption, Jn 3:14. It has been pointed out that these two types of teaching roughly correspond to the difference between the Synoptics and the Gospel of John.

None but Jesus was able to reveal to us a teaching so divine, so heavenly.

“No one has ever gone into heaven except the one who came from heaven” – It might be objected that Elijah (2 Kings 2:11), Enoch (Gen 5:24), and others had gone into heaven.  But the point is not that Jesus is denying that anyone is in heaven, but rather that no-one has ascended to heaven in order to bring down God’s message.  Not even Moses himself, although Jewish tradition indeed held that he had ascended into heaven itself, in order to bring his teaching to them. But he only ascended the mountain, not into heaven. The prophets spoke and wrote by divine inspiration, not out of their own knowledge. See Jn 1:18.

It might be objected that Jesus had not then ‘gone into heaven’ (i.e. ascended).  Pearson agrees that these words

‘imply that he had then ascended: yet even those concern not this ascension.  For that was therefore only true, because the Son of man, not yet conceived in the Virgin’s womb, was not in heaven, and after his conception by virtue of the hypostatical union was in heaven; from whence, speaking after the manner of men, he might well say that the had ascended into heaven, because whatsoever was first on earth and then in heaven, we say ascended into heaven.  Wherefore beside that grounded upon the hypostatical union, beside that glorious condition upon his resurrection, there was yet another and that more proper ascension; for after he had both those ways ascended, it was still true that he had not yet ascended to his Father.’ (on the Creed)

3:14 Just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, 3:15 so that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life.”

By now, Nicodemus is no longer in the picture.  Indeed, some think that Jesus is no longer the speaker.  But the use of his favourite self-designation (‘Son of Man’) suggests that the quotation continues until at least the end of v15.

“Just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness…” – ‘Num 21:4-9 records the story of the rebellious Israelites, who murmured and complained. God sent fiery serpents into their midst to punish them. Then God told Moses to put a bronze serpent on a pole, with the promise that whoever looked at it would live.’ (New Geneva)

Wrights notes that ‘the symbol of the snake has been used in many cultures over many thousands of years. From the snake in the Garden of Eden to the serpent Ananta in some branches of Hinduism, to the mythic serpent-ancestor of the Aztecs and the ‘old god of nature’ in parts of Africa to this day; from poetry to art and medicine, not least psychoanalysis; the figure of the serpent or snake has haunted human imagination from time immemorial.’

This saying recalls Mt 12:40 (cf. Lk 11:30) “As Jonah … so the Son of Man will be”.

‘Although Jesus did not elaborate the details of this allusion, it has several aspects applicable to the present situation.

1. The ancient Israelites were guilty of disobedience and a grumbling and unthankful spirit.
2. They were under the condemnation of God and were being punished for their sin.
3. The object elevated before them was the emblem of their judgment.
4. They were unable to rescue themselves.
5. The poison of the serpents was deadly, and there was no antidote for it.
6. They were urged to look at the serpent in order to receive life.’

(EBC, reformatted)

“…so must the Son of Man be lifted up…” – The must is emphatic: this is the sovereign purpose of God.  ‘It is not a remedy; it is the only possible remedy for sin.’ (Hendriksen)

Whitacre says that the passive be lifted up indicates divine action.

Jesus came to heal us, just as the children of Israel, bitten by the poisonous snakes, were healed by looking at the snake that Moses put up on a pole, Num 21:6-9. This teaches us the deadly nature of sin: however charming it seems, it bites like a deadly snake. But see here also the only remedy for our sin: the Son of Man must be ‘lifted up’ to die. We are to look with the eyes of faith to Christ crucified, and receive from him what we could never do for ourselves: the cure of our sin.

This reference to the ‘lifting up’ of the Son of Man certainly includes a clear (if indirect) anticipation of the crucifixion.  However, it is probably more than that:

‘In John, being “lifted up” refers to one continuous action of ascent, beginning with the cross but ending at the right hand of the Father. Step 1 is Jesus’ death; step 2 is his resurrection; and step 3 is the ascension back to heaven. It is the upward swing of the “pendulum” which began with the incarnation, the descent of the Word become flesh from heaven to earth (cf. Paul in Php 2:5-11).’ (Hall Harris)

On the other occasions when John uses the verb hypsoo (Jn 8:28; 12:32, 34), the idea of being lifted up on the cross is combined with the idea of exaltation. See also Isa 52:13.  The crucifixion, resurrection, ascension and exaltation are a unified act of salvation.  It would be wrong to distinguish too sharply between the different components.

‘Jesus’s own carefully selected term, “lifted up” (ὑψωθῆναι), conveys a rich duality of meaning. In the context of the cross (the historical strand of the plot), the verb is able to speak of death, suffering, and defeat. But in its larger context (the cosmological strand of the plot), the verb is also able to speak of exaltation in majesty and glorification (cf. Acts 2:33). In this one word, the message of the gospel is presented. It is only in his humiliation that Jesus can be exalted and glorified. And it is at the center of this irony that humanity receives eternal life “from above”—from Jesus. To look at Jesus is to understand the necessity of the exalted Son of Man on a cross, to understand how a crucified God can become for the world the greatest thing imaginable.’ (Klink)

“Everyone who believes in him” – ‘As the act of healing through the eyes of the Israelites and the brazen serpent went together; so, in the act of justifying, these two, faith and Christ, have a mutual relation, and must always concur – faith as the action which apprehendeth, Christ as the object which is apprehended; so that neither the passion of Christ saveth without faith, nor doth faith help unless it be in Christ, its object.’ (Daniel Cawdray)

The promise of healing to the Israelites was to everyone in the camp.  Here, the promise of eternal life is to everyone, everywhere.

“Eternal life” – Whereas the uplifted serpent conferred healing, the uplifted Son of Man gives eternal life.

This life ‘is more than endless, for it is sharing in the life of God in Christ’ (Robertson).

Carson renders it: ‘that everyone who believes may have eternal life in him’. The construction is different from v16.

‘In 3:14–15…Jesus answers Nicodemus’ question ‘How can a man be born when he is old?’ The answer is, by believing in Jesus one is born again (cf. Jn 1:13) and receives eternal life.’ (Kruse)

“In him” – ‘These two words put Jesus in quite a different category from the bronze snake. Every reader of the Old Testament knew that eventually that snake had to be destroyed by King Hezekiah, because too many people treated it as if it had some inherent, magical power (2 Ki. 18:4). What spared the Israelites from the mortal threat of the desert snakes was God’s grace; the means was the bronze snake. But we must say more than that about Jesus. The Father has granted the Son to have life in himself (Jn 5:26); he is himself the resurrection and the life (Jn 11:25), and those who believe have life in him.’ (Carson)

Hendriksen thinks that the resemblances between type and antitype are limited to the following:

1. In both cases death threatens as a punishment for sin.
2. In both cases it is God himself who, in his sovereign grace, provides a remedy.
3. In both cases this remedy consists of something (or some One) which (who) must be lifted up, in public view.
4. In both cases those who, with a believing heart, look unto that which (or: look unto the One who) is lifted up, are healed.

Hendriksen adds:

‘Here, as always, the Antitype far transcends the type. In Numbers the people are face to face with physical death; in John, mankind is viewed as exposed to eternal death because of sin. In Numbers it is the type that is lifted up. This type—the brazen serpent—has no power to heal. It points forward to the Antitype, Christ, who does have this power. In Numbers the emphasis is on physical healing: when a man fixed his eye upon the serpent of brass, he was restored to health. In John it is spiritual life—everlasting life—that is granted to him who reposes his trust in the One who is lifted up.’

3:16 For this is the way God loved the world: He gave his one and only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life.

Where does the quotation end?

Some (including NET, NIV [2011], Lexham, God’s Word, RSV) end it at v 15 (Good News Translation ends it at v13).

Others (including NIV [1984], ESV, NASB, NRSV, NLT, NKJV, The Message, Today’s NIV) end it at v21.

(Incidentally, this is one problem – and not the only problem – with ‘Red-Letter Bibles’, which purport to print the very words of our Lord in red).

“God” – ‘When we pronounce the word we must see to it that our minds are flooded with some wondering sense of God’s infinitude, of his majesty, of his ineffable exaltation; of his holiness, of his righteousness, of his flaming purity and stainless perfection. This is the Lord God almighty whom the heaven of heavens cannot contain, to whom the earth is less than the small dust on the balance. He has no need of aught, nor can his unsullied blessedness be in any way affected – whether by way of increase or decrease – by any act of the creatures of his hands. What we call infinite space is but a speck on the horizon of his contemplation: what we call infinite time is in his sight but as yesterday when it is past. Serene in his unapproachable glory, his will is the resistless law of all existences to which their every motion confirms. Apparelled in majesty and girded with strength, righteousness and judgement are the foundations of his throne. He sits in the heavens and does whatsoever he pleases. It is this God, a God of whom to say that he is the Lord of all the earth is to say so little that it is to say nothing at all, of whom our text speaks.’ (Warfield, Biblical and Theological Studies, 513)

This is the way God loved the world – Often translated, ‘God so loved the world that he…’; but this suggests to the reader the meaning, ‘God loved the world so much that he…’.  The NET version clarifies that it is not the degree, but rather the manner, of the love that is being referred to.

“The world” – Humanity, considered as lost in sin, yet the object of God’s love.  See extended note below.

“God so loved…that he gave…” – Cf. 1 Jn 4:9-10. The word agape was little used outside the NT. The usual word was eros, which speaks of love for a worthy object, whereas agape speaks of love for an unworthy object (the world). God’s love, as revealed in Scripture, is (a) a costly love, for it led him to give up what he loved most his only Son; (b) a merciful love, pardoning people’s transgressions (on this reflect on God’s love for Israel, Deut 7:7-8, and also on Hosea’s love for his adulterous wife, Hos 3:1-2; (c) a covenant love, in which God undertakes to deliver his people and be their God for ever (cf. the biblical expression ‘steadfast love’, and also 2 Tim 2:13).

To grasp God’s love is like a child trying to grasp a star. It cannot be done. But the child, in trying to grasp the star, can point to it, and so the preacher can point to the love of God.

‘God’s love is not lazy good nature, as a great many think it to be and so drag it in the mud; it is rigidly righteous, and therefore Christ died.’ (D.G. Barnhouse)

If God loves the world, then so must we. Not with a participating love, but with a rescuing love. See Mt 5:43-48.

“His one and only Son” – Gk. monogenes. The ‘literal’ translation – ‘only-begotten’ – suggests something more metaphysical that is actually meant. The word means ‘unique’; ‘only’, as the following references indicate, Ps 22:20; 25:16 (LXX); Lk 7:12; 8:42. The word is used of Isaac, Heb 11:17: this is interesting, since Isaac was not Abraham’s only son. But he was unique, and specially loved. So the reference here, although not necessarily indicating a metaphysical relationship, does show that Jesus is God’s Son in a uniquely special way. No-one else is God’s son in the way that Jesus is.

Many seem to pin their hope on one or other individual elements of this verse. For some, it is the idea of God, of ‘someone, somewhere who is in control. For others, it is God’s love: this is the lens through which everything else is made to pass. For yet others, it is ‘faith’: and it doesn’t matter who or what the faith is in, just so long as there is faith. But the verse must be taken in the round, as a whole.

So that everyone who believes in him – ‘The repetition of this glorious saying, “whosoever believeth,” is very instructive. For one thing it serves to show that mighty and broad as is the love of God, it will prove useless to every one who does not believe in Christ. God loves all the world, but God will save none in the world who refuse to believe in His only begotten Son.—For another thing it shows us the great point to which every Christian should direct his attention. He must gee to it that he believes on Christ. It is mere waste of time to be constantly asking ourselves whether God loves us, and whether Christ died for us; and it argues gross ignorance of Scripture to trouble ourselves with such questions. The Bible never tells men to look at these questions, but commands them to believe. Salvation, it always teaches, does not turn on the point, “did Christ die for me?” but on the point, “do I believe on Christ?” If men do not “have eternal life,” it is never because God did not love them, or because Christ was not given for them, but because they do not believe on Christ.’ (Ryle)

Concerning the word ‘whoever’, Calvin writes:

‘And he has employed the universal term whosoever, both to invite all indiscriminately to partake of life, and to cut off every excuse from unbelievers. Such is also the impact of the term world, which he formerly used; for though nothing will be found in the world that is worthy of the favour of God, yet he shows himself to be reconciled to the whole world, when he invites all men without exception to the faith of Christ, which is nothing else than an entrance into life.’

3:17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world should be saved through him.

WHY GOD SENT HIS SON INTO THE WORLD

The Jews expected the Messiah to come with great power and glory to punish the nations, but to spare Israel.  Amos 5:18-20 contains a severe rebuke against this assumption.  But the great work of his first coming was to save the world.  Judgement (or, rather, the public proclamation of a judgement which has taken place already, v18) will be the great work of his second coming.

Send – We are reminded nearly 40 times in this Gospel that Jesus is the one ‘whom God has sent’.  He is called elsewhere ‘the apostle’, Heb 3:1.  There are hints here of a divine commission, and echoes of the covenant of grace.  God in Christ deals with the world ‘not according to the rigours of the first covenant, but according to the riches of the second’ (M. Henry).  Such a divine purpose cannot be thwarted.

Was Christ already God’s Son when he was sent, or did he become God’s Son upon being sent?  ‘The obvious reading of texts such as John 3:17…is that the person sent was the Son when the Father sent him. True, such language could plausibly be anachronistic. If I say, “My wife was born in England several decades ago,” I do not imply that she was my wife when she was born. I have heard of robbing the cradle, but this is ridiculous. But such exceptions are normally clear from the context. In a book that has already introduced the preexistence of the Word (Jn 1:1, 14), the natural reading of 3:17 is that “the Son” is an alternative appellation for that Word, not that this is a tag only for his incarnational existence.’ (Carson, The Difficult Doctrine of the Lord of God)

Not…to condemn – Gk ‘krino‘ = to pick out, select, approve or condemn.  The Son does indeed judge the world, in the sense of showing it up for what it really is, Jn 9:39; also Jn 5:27; Mt 25:31-32.  But this was not the main purpose of his coming, any more than the purpose of the sun is to throw a shadow.  When he came, everything he did was with a view to the blessing and benefit of lost sinners.  This renders the previous offer of salvation sincere, and guaranteed for all who by faith accept it.

So, God sent his beloved Son into a guilty, rebellious, godless world not in order to condemn it, but in order to save it.  And he sent him not as he had sometimes sent his angels, as a visitor, but as a resident.  And this saving purpose in sending him is contrary to our religious instinct, which being conscious of sin is fearful of any visitation from heaven.  So Isaiah 6:5, “Woe is me, I am ruined!”  God might in all justice have condemned the world; he has angels at his command, able to pour out the vials of his wrath, a cherub with a flaming sword ready to do execution.  But Jesus comes on a mission of peace.

The world – not just Israel.

To save – Gk ‘sozo‘ = safe and sound; often used of physical health, Mar 5:28, but here of spiritual salvation as in Mk 5:34.  The word is, of course, related to ‘soter‘ (Saviour, Jn 4:22; 1 Jn 4:14) and ‘soteria‘ (salvation, Jn 4:22).  Jesus came that the door to eternal life might be swung open.

What encouragement there is in this verse for sinners to come to Christ, and be saved!  ‘Whenever our sins press us, whenever Satan would drive us to despair, we ought to hold out this shield, – that God is unwilling that we should be overwhelmed with everlasting destruction, because he has appointed his Son to be the salvation of the world.’  (Calvin)

‘There were but two things for which he, being what he was as the Son of God, could come into the world, being what it was: to judge the world or to save the world.  It was for the latter that he came…Not wrath, then, though wrath was due, but love was the impelling cause of the coming of the Son of God into this wicked world of ours.’ (Warfield)

3:18 The one who believes in him is not condemned. The one who does not believe has been condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God.

THE PRIVILEGE OF BELIEVING, AND THE PERIL OF NOT BELIEVING

Whoever believes in him is not condemned – knowing, as Paul knew, Rom 8:1.  He is pardoned, acquitted, forgiven.  Ryle draws attention to the present tense: it is not said that the believer will be acquitted on the last day, but that he is acquitted now.  ‘The vilest offender who truly believes/That moment from Jesus a pardon receives.’

Whoever does not believe stands condemned already… – How great the sin, and how great the misery, of those who continue in unbelief!  They do not need to wait to see what the verdict will be on them.  They stand condemned already; they have placed themselves under divine wrath.  ‘Unbelief is a sin against the remedy’ (M. Henry).  Such a person stands under divine condemnation while he yet lives.  He has already chosen his own fate.  Like a non-swimmer who jumps into deep water, and then refuses the offer of help, the unbeliever is twice condemned: he is condemned by the law, which declares that he has sinned against almighty God; he is condemned by the gospel, for he has refused the offer of salvation.  And all of this until and unless he comes to Christ to have the sentence repealed.

These verses (17-21) make it clear that Jesus is the watershed of the whole human race, and the whole of human history.

‘God’s wrath in the Bible is something which people choose for themselves. Before hell is an experience inflicted by God, it is a state for which a person himself opts by retreating from the light which God shines in his heart to lead him to himself…The decisive act of judgment upon the lost is the judgment which they pass upon themselves, by rejecting the light that comes to them in and through Jesus Christ. In the last analysis, all that God does subsequently in judicial action toward the unbeliever, whether in this life or beyond it, is to show him, and lead him into, the full implications of the choice he has made.’ (J.I. Packer, Knowing God)

Because he has not believed – ‘Has taken a permanent attitude of refusal’ (Robertson).  Unbelief is the ultimate sin; the greatest sin; the sin that condemns everlastingly.  Nothing is so offensive to God, as the refusal of the offer of grace.  Nothing is so suicidal to man, as the squandering of the opportunity of life.  How mad is the scramble for the National Lottery!  And yet of those who win a fortune by this means, which of them would not exchange it all for one year of good health?  How much more ought we to be prepared to trade everything we have for eternal life?  But all we are asked to do is to ‘believe’.  By our unbelief we set up our own blockage in the road to heaven.  It has been said that it was a greater sin in Judas, that he refused to come to Christ for forgiveness, after he had betrayed him, than that he betrayed him in the first place.

And consider who it is that the unbeliever is rejecting: God’s one and only Son.

Universalistic theologies fail to do justice to the biblical teaching that faith in Christ is an essential condition for salvation.  See Jn 3:18; 8:24; Rom 4:5.  ‘The cross is sufficient for all, but efficient only for those who will…make the necessary response of repentance and faith…The cross without faith is like a vaccine without a syringe.’  (Michael Griffiths)  The Bible insists that whereas Christ bore God’s wrath for our sin, those who do not believe are still under wrath, Rom 2:5-9; 2 Thess 1:7-9.

‘God’s wrath in the Bible is something which men choose for themselves.  Before hell is an experience inflicted by God, it is a state for which man himself opts, by retreating from the light which God shines in his heart to lead him to himself…The decisive act of judgement upon the lost is the judgement which they pass upon themselves, by rejecting the light that comes to them in and through Jesus Christ.  In the last analysis, all that God does subsequently in judicial action towards the unbeliever, whether in this life or beyond it, is to show him, and lead him into, the full implications of the choices he has made.’ (Packer, Knowing God, 169)

3:19 Now this is the basis for judging: that the light has come into the world and people loved the darkness rather than the light, because their deeds were evil. 3:20 For everyone who does evil deeds hates the light and does not come to the light, so that their deeds will not be exposed. 3:21 But the one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds have been done in God.

THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DARKNESS

When Jesus came to this world, there was not lacking evidence of his Messiahship.  But people did not want to give up their sins.  And this is true of people in all ages.  There is not lacking light to guide them to heaven.  There is no lack of willingness on God’s part that they should be saved.  But they love their sins too much, and so will not come to Christ for salvation.

Light has come into the world – That light was Jesus, Jn 1:4,5,9,11.  He is the only source of moral and spiritual light in the world, Jn 8:12.  Without, darkness reigns.  ‘The world without Christ lieth in darkness, void of spiritual light, and full of errors and of the works of darkness; God is withdrawn from the creatures, and they wander and stumble (as in the dark) upon Satan’s snares; their case is void of true peace and comfort, as men in a dark pit; their way tends to utter darkness; and yet, as men in the dark, their case and misery is not discerned in its own true colours’ (Hutcheson).  His light shone out by means of his divine teaching and his miraculous works.  His light show us up for what we really are; it dispels the darkness of error and sinful desire; it shows us the ways of life; it brings peace and comfort to the believing soul.

Men loved darkness – They are not simply in ignorance; they have shut their eyes, they have wilfully distanced themselves from truth and grace, lest their ways be reproved.  ‘Darkness’ is a frequent Johannine metaphor for the state of sinners, Jn 8:12; 12:35,46; 1 Jn 1:6; 2:8,9,11.  We recall that darkness is so often used as a cloak for evil.  ‘The pathos of it all is that men fall in love with the darkness of sin and rebel against the light like denizens of the underworld…When the light appears, they scatter to their holes and dens’ (Robertson’).  And, in the end, the god of this world blinds their eyes so that they do not even see the light, 2 Cor 4:4.  There is a certain fish which inhabits a dark cave, which no longer has any eyes, only sockets where eyes used to be.  I heard of a man who was kept in a dark dungeon so long that when they brought him out of it, he could not bear the light, and pleaded to be put back into his prison.  The Jews loved the darkness of their own man-made laws, and the ignorance of their own blind guides, rather than the teaching of Christ.  The Gentiles loved their superstitious idolatry and ignorant worship unknown gods, rather than the service of the one true and living God.  ‘Sinners that were wedded to their lusts loved their ignorance and mistakes, which supported them in their sins, rather than the truths of Christ, which would have parted them from their sins.  Man’s apostasy began in an affectation of forbidden knowledge, but is kept up by an affectation of forbidden ignorance.  Wretched man is in love with his sickness, in love with his slavery, and will not be made free, will not be made whole.’  (M. Henry)  Wilful ignorance will be no excuse in the day of judgement.  ‘We must account in the judgement, not only for the knowledge we had, and used not, but for the knowledge we might have had, and would not; not only for the knowledge we sinned against, but for the knowledge we sinned away.’ (M. Henry)

Because their deeds were evil – They were in love with their evil deeds, and therefore they hated and rejected the light that would have exposed them.

When the Bastille, a castle-like prison in Paris, was about to be destroyed in 1789, a convict was brought out who had been confined in one of its gloomy cells for many years.  But instead of joyfully welcoming his liberty, he begged to be taken back.  It had been such a long time since he had seen the sunshine that his eyes could not endure its brightness.  His only desire was to die in the murky dungeon where he had been a captive.  In the same way, some men continue to reject the Savior until they eventually become so hardened in their sin that they prefer the dark ways of eternal death.

‘The Bible makes it clear that the atheist’s problem is not merely intellectual deficiency but moral obtuseness.  So-called human “ignorance” is not excusable, it is culpable.  Men’s hearts are “darkened,” not because the light is not shining, but because they have deliberately drawn the blinds.’ (Blanchard, Does God Believe in Atheists? p490.

Everyone who does evil hates the light – ‘Evil’ = Gk phaulos – worthless, wicked. ‘Christ is hated, because sin is loved’ (M. Henry) Those who hate the light not only shun it, but speak against it, ridicule it. Thus do worldly people treat Christ, Christianity and the church. They do so with a supercilious air of superiority, yet in sheer ignorance. Note that Scripture defines as ‘evil’ those whom the world (and perhaps even the church) would regard as decent and sincere.

Will not come to the light – The light hurts his eyes, because it reveals to him his own wickedness and makes him feel uncomfortable. He shrinks from it. He will not read the Bible, come to church, pray, talk about spiritual things. He goes on in ever deeper darkness, keeping as far from the light as he can.

For fear that his deeds will be exposed – i.e. reproved, or corrected. So, to avoid this unpleasant process, his cuts himself off from Christ. The sinner seeks concealment, for he senses his shame and fears punishment. The light of the gospel exposes the deeds of sinners, it makes them manifest, Eph 5:13. The gospel first convicts, that it may then console.

We might have expected some further response from Nicodemus, but there is none.  In such a case, ‘we the readers have to supply the meaning of the silence, which acts as a metaphor or parable.’ (DBI, art. ‘Silence’)

THE PEOPLE WHO COME INTO THE LIGHT

As a flower turns towards the sun, the renewed heart welcomes the light.  He desires to know the will of God, and even seeks to have his own remaining corruption exposed, Psa 139:23.  This can be a painful, but necessary process.  Notice that the emphasis falls here not on knowing truth, but on doing it; on living by it, cf Eph 4:15.  The mark of a Christian is not that he is sinless, but that he sincerely endeavours to live by the light of God’s word.

What he has done has been done through God – he has been ‘born again’; the love of God has been shed abroad in his heart by the Holy Spirit; the truth and grace of God have become the commanding principles of his life.  Such a person is not perfect, but longs to be so, and is willing for God to examine and correct him, Psa 26:2.

So, sinner, will you come to the light?  Will you come, as Nicodemus did, to Christ, that he may dispel your darkness and give you life?

‘One of John’s major themes is the truth. He uses the word aletheia twenty-five times, compared with once in Matthew and three times each in Mark and Luke. Similarly he uses the adjective ajlhqh>v fourteen times (once each in Matthew and Mark, not at all in Luke), and ajlhqino<v nine times (not in Matthew or Mark, once in Luke). The very recital of these statistics shows that John is unusually interested in truth.  He sees truth not only as a quality of words, but also of actions for it is possible to do the truth (Jn 3:21). This idea is found also in the Old Testament, Genesis 32:10 (Hebrew, 32:11), Genesis 47:29 (see the Hebrew text). Moreover, John sees the truth as especially connected with .Jesus, who is called the3 truth (John 14:6). S. Aalen, in a very important article, sees Johns concept of truth as central (Truth, a Key Word in St. John’s Gospel, in SE II, pp. 3-24). It contrasts the true way to God with the false and inadequate ways outlined by other religions.  Consequently it constitutes both a rejection of those ways and an invitation to men to walk in the right path. The fact that truth is one of Johns key concepts should not be overlooked.  While it is true that he is more concerned to show us the consequences of seeing Jesus as the truth than with any other aspect of truth yet we cannot let the matter rest there. It would be extremely strange if a writer who placed unusual stress on the truth were to play loose with the truth in a book written about Jesus as the truth. This does not mean, of course, that it would be impossible for John to have put down anything that was not strictly true. But it does serve as a warning against seeing him as an incurable theological romancer. He does not see truth as comparatively unimportant, he sees it as critically important. Accordingly, it is unlikely that he will engage in a systematic distortion of the facts. No one could make truth a central concept in a writing like this Gospel if his conscience were not clear that his work expressed the truth as nearly as he could make it.’ (Morris, in Jesus of Nazareth, Saviour and Lord)

Further Testimony About Jesus by John the Baptist, 22-36

3:22 After this, Jesus and his disciples came into Judean territory, and there he spent time with them and was baptizing. 3:23 John was also baptizing at Aenon near Salim, because water was plentiful there, and people were coming to him and being baptized. 3:24 (For John had not yet been thrown into prison.)

Some think they have found a discrepancy between this verse and Jn 4:2.

John also was baptizing at Aenon – ‘The statement in Jn 3:23 that he left the Jordan valley for a time and conducted a baptismal campaign (presumably of brief duration) ‘at Aenon near Salim’, where there was abundance of water, has implications which are easily overlooked. For W. F. Albright (The Archaeology of Palestine, 1956, p. 247) is probably right in locating this place NE of Nablus, near the sources of the Wadi Far’ah – that is to say, in territory which was then Samaritan. This could explain certain features of Samaritan religion attested for the early Christian centuries, but it also illuminates the words of Jesus to his disciples in Jn 4:35-38, spoken with regard to the people in this very area, and ending with the statement: ‘others have laboured, and you have entered into their labour’. The harvest which they reaped (Jn 4:39,41) had been sown by John.’ (NBD)

3:25 Now a dispute came about between some of John’s disciples and a certain Jew concerning ceremonial washing. 3:26 So they came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, the one who was with you on the other side of the Jordan River, about whom you testified—see, he is baptizing, and everyone is flocking to him!”

3:27 John replied, “No one can receive anything unless it has been given to him from heaven. 3:28 You yourselves can testify that I said, ‘I am not the Christ,’ but rather, ‘I have been sent before him.’ 3:29 The one who has the bride is the bridegroom. The friend of the bridegroom, who stands by and listens for him, rejoices greatly when he hears the bridegroom’s voice. This then is my joy, and it is complete. 3:30 He must become more important while I become less important.”

“The friend of the bridegroom” = best man.

“…who stands by and listens for him, rejoices greatly when he hears the bridegroom’s voice” – But what, exactly, is he listening for, and what does he hear?

Andy Angel (Intimate Jesus: The Sexuality of God Incarnate) lists some of the possibilities:

• ‘A marriage attendant hearing the groom’s voice as his procession approaches the house of the bride.’
• ‘Sweet nothings the groom whispers to his bride as they enter the wedding ceremonies.’
• ‘The joy of the groom on the birth of children.’
• ‘The triumphal shout by which the bridegroom announced to his friends outside [the bridal chamber] that he had been united to a virginal bride’.
• ‘The groom calling the best man (who has been waiting for this moment outside the bridal chamber) to collect the proof of the bride’s virginity after sexual intercourse.’

(Bulleting added)

Angel himself thinks that the most ‘plausible’ interpretation is that

‘the phōnē or ‘noise’ of the groom is his ecstatic moaning or shouting during sex’.

“He must become more important while I become less important” –

According to the Orthodox Study Bible:

‘John’s declaration is revealed in the liturgical calendar, wherein his birth is celebrated at a time when the sun begins to decrease in the sky (June 24), while Christ’s birth is celebrated when the sun begins to increase (Dec. 25).’

3:31 The one who comes from above is superior to all. The one who is from the earth belongs to the earth and speaks about earthly things. The one who comes from heaven is superior to all. 3:32 He testifies about what he has seen and heard, but no one accepts his testimony. 3:33 The one who has accepted his testimony has confirmed clearly that God is truthful. 3:34 For the one whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he does not give the Spirit sparingly. 3:35 The Father loves the Son and has placed all things under his authority. 3:36 The one who believes in the Son has eternal life. The one who rejects the Son will not see life, but God’s wrath remains on him.

God gives the Spirit without limit – This could mean,

(a) God gives the Spirit to the Son without limit, since there is perfect communion between them; or,

(b) God gives the Spirit to believers without limit.  The first of these interpretations is to be preferred, since no one else has the Spirit in any way comparable to Jesus, and a limitation is implied in respect of believers in Eph 4:7.

The Father loves the Son – ‘Agapao‘ is used here, whereas ‘phileo‘ is used in Jn 5:20.  No difference in meaning is detectable.

Rejects – lit. ‘disobeys’ (so NRSV).

God’s wrath remains on him – This is the only occurrence of the word ‘wrath’ in John’s Gospel.  However, the concepts of condemnation and judgement are found in Jn 3:17-21 and illuminate the mention of wrath here.  Those who believe in Jesus are not condemned; but those who do not believe are already condemned, because they have rejected God’s offer of life in his Son.  In the present verse, the sense is that God’s wrath hangs over all who reject the Son, but is removed for those who believe in him and receive eternal life.  For Paul, too, God’s wrath is already revealed, Rom 1:24-28.

Does God’s wrath ‘remain on him’ everlastingly?  Robert Yarbrough argues thus:

‘Virtually everyone agrees that “eternal life” refers to unending blessedness in God’s presence. But some wish to limit the duration of “God’s wrath” to a limited time or experience…The blessed state of eternal life is logically opposite to the condemned state of eternal destruction. If salvation and conscious bliss are everlasting, so are perdition and conscious torment.’

(in Morgan, Christopher W. Hell Under Fire: Modern Scholarship Reinvents Eternal Punishment)

This argument, however, is inconclusive.  The ‘logic’, put bluntly, could be put like this: the one who believes in the Son lives for ever; the one who rejects the Son dies for ever.